Ecological Modernisation Provides an Equivalent Policy Paradigm for Corporate Social Responsibility Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Modernization as coming to be viewed as a method of social scientific construction of reforming environmental practices and policies at various levels of the modern world. In this regard, ecological modernization focuses on how social actors, institutions, and individuals can meld environmental issues in daily activities. The overall result is that environmental concerns are becoming a focal point in relations and institutionalization together with modern values, cultures and daily conduct. is emerging as a fashionable new term to describe recent changes in environmental policy and politics. Its growing popularity derives in part from the suggestive power of its combined appeal to notions of development and modernity, and to ecological critique. One of the most significant aspects of this emerging trend is the emphasis it places on narrowing the gap between economic interests and environmental depletion. Three movements may be said to have contributed to the emergence of ecologica l modernization. First, the published a report, Our Common Future, popularly known as the Brundtland Report in 1987.12 The Brundtland Report aimed at putting the protection of the environment together with economic development on the forefront of both political and public agendas on a global level. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecological Modernisation Provides an Equivalent Policy Paradigm for Corporate Social Responsibility or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The third ecological modernization movement can be attributed to Al Gore s publication of An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warning in 2006.15 Gore s treatise highlighted the reality of the physical destruction of the environment and argued that anyone who cared about the environment would take responsibility for it by either producing or consumer products or services that were environmentally friendly.

The Sociological Theories Of Sociology - 1198 Words

1. What is Sociology and who was the founder of Sociology? When and how did Sociology emerge as a field of study? Sociology is study of the human society by observing and doing experiment. Sociology is mainly study in two ways; basic/pure and applied. Auguste Comte was the founder of sociology. Sociology was emerged as a field of study during the 1920s and 1930s. It becomes field of study because people started to observe a lot of things on a society such as: inequality, discrimination, poorness and many more. So, people started to use their theory to study about the societies in terms of sociology. 2. List and define the three sociological theories. The three sociological theories are Structural Functionalist (Macro), Conflict theory†¦show more content†¦An example of cultural relativism is some words have different meaning on different culture. 4. What are the 5 steps in the scientific research process? First step of the scientific research process is to develop a research question. It means, researchers need to decide the topic they are interested to study. They also need to get fund for their research project on first steps to make their research success. Second step is, researchers need to design their research based on what they are going study. Their third step is to collect the data by doing interviews, surveys and web searches. Fourth step is to analyze and organize the data to discover patterns. Fifth step is to make conclusions of research. After developing strong conclusions, they can imply it on broader populations. 5. What are the 6 tools of research and give an example for each? The 6 tools of research are: survey research, participant observation, controlled experiments, content analysis, historical research and evaluation research. One example of survey research is to ask general questions based on their research topic by going people’s home door to door. Example of participant observation is researchers hanging out several times with the peoples related to their research topic. Example of controlled experiments is to determine cause and effect of research, then decide to expose or not to expose the information on out. Example of content analysis is to verify the data based on whatShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Sociological Imagination1389 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal condensed definition of â€Å"the sociological imagination† is that it is the idea one should be aware of the societal structures around themselves, and how those structures can influence a person and vice-versa. In addition, I think that having a â€Å"sociological imaginat ion† also involves a deep appreciation for the importance of society and culture. Consequently, for a person that has completed a basic introduction to sociology college course and actually paid attention, I would hope thatRead MoreIs There A Sociology Of Love?1046 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Can There Be A Sociology Of Love? The word love has different meanings depending on what context it is used in, sometimes it means having deep affection towards someone or something, love for but here I am going to try and answer the question, â€Å"Is there a sociology of love?†. In my essay I am going to discuss a sociology of love referring to the article of the study conducted by Gabb and Fink, in which they use multiple research methods relationships behaviours and personal lives. They haveRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspective Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages What does Sociology have to do with me? Why do people think or act differently than you? Why are some people rich while others are poor? 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Sociology can be defined by Dictionary.com, as the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of socialRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One: The Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social contextRead MoreA Study Of Human Social Relationships And Organisations Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesview of 3 leading sociological thinkers and to conclude my essay I will discuss brieftly my personal prepective from carring out my research for this topic. The department of Sociology Unc (2016) indicates sociology is the study of human social relationships and organisations. Sociology can range from crime to religion it is a very diverse subject. It refers to the family to the state, diversity of race and social class to the beliefs in common cultures. The study of sociology is to understand howRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Stephanie Ann Tombline SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Jennifer Hudgins Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared byRead MoreFunctionalism from Classical to Contemporary Theory787 Words   |  4 PagesFunctionalism is a social theory that has its foundations in the birth of the discipline called sociology (Adams Sydie, 2002 p.05). Angste Comte, considered the founder of sociology, believed that sociological matters should be explained through scientific study. Functionalism is a method of study based primary on facts, objectively measured, essentially applying the scientific method to the study of society, social actions and interactions. Functionalism is interested in the relationships betweenRead MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is the study of human social behavior, communities and society. It involves the evolution of society and human behavior and it focuses on how society can change human behavior based on interaction with each other (Bennett, B., 2009 p.2). 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Sarah McLachlan - Afterglow free essay sample

Imagine a combination of folk, blues and alternative styles that resemble a more mainstream Norah Jones and you come up with Sarah McLachlans masterful â€Å"Afterglow.† For the most part, this CD is soothing and mellow, more tempered than previous releases, but it is far from being background music. In fact, it is her best album so far. The disk kicks off with the hit â€Å"Fallen,† easily one of the best songs here, and I found myself returning to it again and again. The only song that beats it is the next track, â€Å"World on Fire,† which laments the chaos of the world in a calm, slightly bluesy piece that, for me at least, evokes images of a smoky nightclub. â€Å"Stupid† is the most rock-infused song, moving away from the quiet meditative style as McLachlan ponders a love gone wrong. Closing out the CD is the beautiful â€Å"Dirty Little Secret,† a soft, sad song that lays bare the painful results of gossip. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarah McLachlan Afterglow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is McLachlans best album and showcases her maturity as an artist. It took her five years to get it right, and it was definitely worth the wait.

Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique

Introduction Psychological assessment is a testing procedure that utilizes a variety of methods to affirm a particular hypothesis about an individual’s demeanor and abilities.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process is also referred to as â€Å"psychological testing or conducting psychological battery on an individual and is often conducted by a licensed psychologist† (Katz Sanders, 2013, p. 225). Psychological testing should never occur in vacuity. Furthermore, to conduct a successful psychological assessment, a complete medical assessment should be included in the process so that the psychologists performing the test ascertain that the participants’ symptoms are not subject to ailments or medical issues. Several instruments are applicable in determining personality, but this paper will focus o n Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI and its application in determining women who were exposed to sexual violence in their childhood. This paper delves into ethical issues surrounding this assessment and Gardner’s theory of intelligence. It will eventually analyze if MMPI is an effective instrument for identifying women who were exposed to sexual torture during their childhood. Background of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory This instrument and its new second edition MMPI-2 is completed by a candidate, marked, and translated by the assessor. The examiner determines the participant’s personality by comparing the responses of the participant during the examination to those issued by several psychologists and relevant evaluation groups. After evaluating the candidate’s response, the clinicians use the details to determine some uncertain facts about the patient’s adaptation, temperament, and qualities. Most psychologists prefer MMPI-2 to MMPI because it creates an extensive representative population for evaluation (Katz Sanders, 2013).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More John McKinley and Starke Hathaway developed MMPI in the 1930s. Under this instrument, participants are asked to respond to 566 false and true questions so that evaluation can be conducted easily. The initial intent of this assessment technique was to assist physicians identify young patients with mental ailments. Textbooks, individuality examinations as well as psychologists’ reports were analyzed during the formulation of MPPI. The data collected from this analysis was categorized into ten clinical scales and every scale had distinguished diagnostic properties that had been applied in the 1930s. As time progressed, the test developed to new versions because of the adjustments that were often witnessed in psychology (Nicholas, 2011). Ove r the years, MMPI has been helpful in examining symptoms related to slow communal and individual adjustment, evaluating medial clients, formulation of treatment schedules for medical clients as well as in counseling college students as well as job seekers. Furthermore, it has been popularly used in rehabilitation of drug addicts especially, when it comes to preparing a treatment plan (Elliott, 2008). Its application is also popular because its questions can relate with the contemporary patients and physicians and its scoring system can be adjusted. Participants from various linguistic groups can conduct the test since it has been translated to English, Spanish, and Hmong among other languages. Moreover, its community comparative group embodies a large proportion of the modern populace. Apart from community comparative sample comprising of 1,462 women and 1, 138 men, the sample is derived from assorted areas within the United States of America (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994).Advertisi ng We will write a custom assessment sample on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to observe certain aspects when using this instrument especially MMPI-2. Though the tests may be monitored by a licensed clinician or psychiatrist, it is important to communicate to the patient before performing the assessment for impressive results. Furthermore, a professional psychiatrist with experienced in using MMPI-2 must construe the test-taker’s answers. Whilst â€Å"narrative reports prepared in computers are considered as accurate, it is important to assess the contents by on-site experts to personalize the reported results† (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994, p. 137). Computerized scoring as well as supposition is difficult to process and hence, the software programs applied must have a flawless history. Irrespective of how comprehensive the details re ceived from the examiner through the MMPI-2 may appear, it should never be considered as a proxy for clinical interrogations. The clinical interrogations help the assessor to draw credible conclusions that fit the candidate from the various suppositions retrieved from test-taker’s responses. Moreover, physicians can notice vital characters of the patient that the test results did not identify. It is thus important for the examiner to construe the test results after getting the biopsychological background of the candidate (Katz Sanders, 2013). When compared with the Gardener’s theory of intelligence, MMPI reveals notable relevance. MMPI infers that individuality is a multi-faceted occurrence whilst Gardener’s theory also presumes that intelligence is a multi-faceted incidence and hence, showing that intelligence and personality are intertwined (Elliott, 2008).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Gardner hypothesis, intelligence falls into eight classes including interpersonal and musical whilst in MMPI, personality is divided into 10 clinical scales. These clinical degrees are an embodiment of the idiosyncrasies present in the classes of Gadner’s description of intelligence. Some of the clinical scales of MMPI comprise of social nervousness, paranoia, depression and hypomania among others (Elliott, 2008). The definition of interpersonal intelligence is having the aptitude to comprehend the skills, inspiration and skills of other individuals coupled with how to interact with them effectively. Respected leaders and professionals are people who have a high level of interpersonal intelligence. In case they suffered from hypomania or depression, it would directly lower their interpersonal intelligence as well as MMPI marks. The clinical measurements symbolize deviations in the theory of intelligence and if a person is affected by the deviations, not every cla ss of his or her intelligence is affected (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994). According to a number of studies conducted in the recent years, certain MMPI scores reveal whether a woman was sexually molested in their childhood or not. The examinations affirmed that women who experienced sexual abuse in their childhood always received high marks in specific clinical scales. Victims of sexual molestation often had higher scores than the community comparison group when it came to responding to questions related to dejection, psychopathic digresses, and hypochondriasis. The personality and behavioral traits of women with such disheartening background comprised of antipathy, feelings of despair, mistrust, unsociable, confrontational, low self-confidence, anxiety and did not believe in the existence of long-lasting relationships (Katz Sanders, 2013). Although the researches had disparate target and controlled populace, the results of MMPI scores successfully distinguished the targeted group f rom the controlled populations. In another the study, the normative group had 25 women who never had a history of sexual molestation whilst the target group comprised of 26 women who were admitted that they were sexually abused when they were children. However, the limitations of this study were that all the participants were below the age of fifty and had a yearly income below $100, 000. Furthermore, none of the candidates came from another race except white with English as their native language. The least educated participant in the study was a high school graduate (Elliott, 2008). Another study used the updated form of MMPI, viz. MMPI-2, which collects 1,138 men and 462 women residing in different parts of America and with a minimum age of 18 and a maximum 80 years as its participants. This revised form of MPPI was extensive in nature as it incorporated people from various ethnic communities, topographical locations, socioeconomic status, marital status as well as religious belie fs (Nicholas, 2011). Although this second study used the MMPI-2 assessment instrument, all the participants were Caucasians, with a maximum age of sixty and a maximum income of $30,000 on an annual basis. In the third research, neither the control group nor the community comparison group was utilized when evaluating the response of the test-takers. The participants comprised of women below the age of 53 and married. Moreover, the women were native English speakers, white, and underwent a medical therapy tests before participating in the assessment (Follette et al., 1997). Despite the disparities witnessed when conducting researches, they recorded similar marks in the MMPI test. There target population did also not represent the entire society. The studies infer that MMPI is only effective in identifying individuals who have been sexually molested but it should never be used as a diagnostic instrument. These studies had common limitations. Apart from the participants only being from a single gender, they were derived from a particular ethnic group and they were only native English speakers. The least level of education that was preferred by the researchers was a high school diploma and they were biased when in the selection of age, as most participants were 53 years old or below. Since the MPPI instrument excluded a huge portion of the populace in the assessment, it implies that the results of specific community may typify the childhood sexual molestation however, if the test is applied on an individual excluded in the controlled population, MPPI could false information about the client’s sexual abuse history (Elliott, 2008). The psychometric characteristics of this instrument when applied in a specific controlled population, the outcomes were analogous. Victims of sexual abuse recorded an average of 15 points according to how they responded to question related to dejection, psychopathic digress as well as hypochondriasis. The psychometrics did not effec tively exemplify the type and amount of therapy the clients underwent prior to the assessment. The magnitude of therapy can highly manipulate the outcome of the MMPI assessment because therapy averts some of the feelings that childhood sexual abuse victims have (Katz Sanders, 2013). Irrespective of how effective MMPI may appear in identifying sex abuse victims, it should not be used to assess a whole society. Perhaps the success of MMPI in these studies was promoted by the fact that the researchers focused on white women who were educated and had high socioeconomic status. This aspect raises many questions such as what would have been the impact if the controlled population and normative group represented an entire society. A society is composed of people with different personality, beliefs, and socioeconomic status. It is hence, predictable that these factors would have influenced the results of the MMPI scores. If researchers and medical experts eliminate these biases so that the ir participants represent almost every individual in the society, then using MMPI as an instrument of identifying victims of childhood sexual abuse will be reliable (Follette et al., 1997). The morality of MMPI is not in doubt. This instrument is ethical since it possesses numerous disparities that represent a particular community. It is also written in various formats and the tests are contemporarily prepared to fifth grade reading standard thus enabling many people to participate in the tests easily. Moreover, it accommodates test-takers who speak other languages apart from English. The tests are in a manner that candidates as well as examiners can easily understand. Nonetheless, ethical issues that are not comprehensively tackled by this assessment instrument include the conduct of the clinicians when providing the tests or the incidence whereby a patient may be given a format that is unpleasant to him or her (Nicholas, 2011). Moreover, there is an ethical issue, which is importa nt but has not been considered, viz. the probability of a clinician using the test for diagnostic purposes instead of analysis. It is important for clinician, psychologists and researchers to note that MMPI was developed and structured in a way that it aids examiners with essential information, which can be used to counsel the test-taker on the best decision he or she can make concerning a particular issue; for instance, a job or treatment plan (Katz Sanders, 2013). Conclusion Clinicians, psychologists, psychiatrists and other medical experts use the data collected from psychological tests to create a detailed and full image of the patient. Administers of the assessments often issue recommendations depending on the results of the tests and information retrieved from friends and family members of the candidate. Medical experts should evaluate and tackle all differences that exist in the findings before drawing a conclusion. Nevertheless, there is no assessment that is flawless when it comes to identifying a person’s behavior or past. MMPI is among the best instrument for personality assessment that can be used to determine childhood sexual abuse victims. However, there are certain adjustments that should be made concerning ethical considerations to make it even a better instrument for personality assessment. References Elliott, M A. (2008). The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2 and  MMPI-A) and victims of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the literature. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory Research, 36(2), 25-37. Engels, M., Moisan, D., Harris, R. (1994). MMPI indices of childhood trauma among  110 female outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(1), 135-39. Follette, W., Naugle, E., Follette, V. (1997). MMPI-2 profiles of adult women with child  sexual abuse histories: Cluster-analytic findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 858-866. Katz, S., Sanders, J. (2013). The overus e and misuse of psychological testing:  Why less is more. American Journal of Family Law, 28(4), 221-226. Nicholas, D. (2011). Essentials of MMPI-2 Assessment. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley   Sons. This assessment on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique was written and submitted by user Fernando Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

In recent years, films and television shows like 1 Essays

In recent years, films and television shows like 13 Reasons Why, Split, and To the Bone have come under fire for their portrayals of mental illness. Many believe that they sensationalize these conditions and perpetuate harmful misconceptions. That said, there are also people who appreciate the conversation that these fictional portrayals spark and find comfort in seeing characters that they can relate to. I've asked several of my friends and acquaintances that work in entertainment for their take on portrayals of mental illness in the media.13 Reasons Why is quite possibly the most controversial series to come out this year. Based on Jay Asher's book by the same name, 13 Reasons Why tells the story of teenage Hannah Baker's life and events leading up to her suicide. Two friends I spoke with, both entertainers, had very different reactions to the series. John B. took issue with it stating "Many people I know are legitimately being triggered by this show, I don't think a show can exact ly be called good if it triggers it's viewers..." Rhiannon C. had a different take stating, "13 Reasons Why was very important for someone like me, who does deal with high functioning depression much like Hannah. It was refreshing to see a character featuring this subject matter that I could relate to, and I'm sure many other can say the same." Almost on the same level of controversy as 13 Reasons Why, is Marti Noxon's film To the Bone starring Lily Collins which also came out this year. "It was really validating," says Angela Gulner, creator and star of the series Binge which is also about eating disorders. However, most do not share Gulner's view. "I feel like people are going to come away from this movie with some seriously unrealistic expectations about eating disorder rehab," says Ramsey S. "I am aware that Lily struggled with an ED and that the writer/director had one as well and is telling her story through the movie but to me, it just doesn't justify a feel good' [. . .] mov ie about a mental illness as fatal as ED." "There are some depictions [of mental illness in films and on television] that I think are pretty accurate," says actress Madchen Amick, who has appeared in numerous television shows and films including Twin Peaks and Riverdale, "I loved Silver Linings Playbook." Amick became an advocate for mental health after her son was diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder. She created the campaign #StrongerThanStigma and has been open about her experiences while raising a child with mental illness."Many use mental illness gratuitously though and only look at it from a surface level perspective. As an actress and an advocate, I'd like to see more comprehensive depictions."It's undeniable that media portrayals do have an impact on how people view mental illness. Unless someone is living with an illness or knows someone who is, popular film and television depictions will most likely be the images that they have in their minds of conditions like Anorexia Nervosa or Bipolar Disorder. At the same time, if it weren't for these depictions, they might have never been made aware of the illnesses. There are positive and negative affects of portraying mental illness in the media so hopefully going forward, writers and directors will learn what, and what not, to do so new works may have a more positive impact.

Essay on Animal Farm

Essay on Animal Farm Essay on Animal Farm James Williams Mrs. Henslee Period: 2 11-28-2014 Sparknotes Report: Animal Farm Animal Farm by George Orwell is about the oppression and disgruntled feelings of the animals on a farm. Old Major, a boar, gathers the animals in the barn for a meeting. He tells them of a dream he had where all animals lived together with no humans to oppress them. He tells the animals they must work together for his dream to be fulfilled. Unfortunately, three nights later he dies. Three pigs, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer, take over for him and formulate Old Majors principles into Animalism. Late one night, the animals defeat the farmer, Mr. Jones, in a battle, running him off the farm. They then rename the property Animal Farm and work to achieve Old Major’s dream. In the beginning, Animal Farm is prosperous. Snowball begins teaching the animals how to read and Napoleon teaches a group of young puppies about Animalism. Mr. Jones returns to take back the farm but the animals are able to defeat him once again. However, as time goes on, Snowba ll and Napoleon quarrel over how the farm will be run in the future and struggle for power over the other animals. Snowball concocts a plan to build an electric-generated windmill but Napoleon opposes the plan. During a speech, the puppies Napoleon took to â€Å"educate† burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon then takes complete control of the farm and tells the animals he is in control. Napoleon then decides it is a good idea to build a windmill and the animals devote their time to completing the windmill. However, after a storm the windmill is destroyed. Napoleon blames Snowball and says he sabotaged the windmill. Napoleon then rounds up all the animals that supposedly participated in Snowball’s conspiracy and sentence them to death at the teeth of the attack dogs. Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of timber and destroys the windmill with dynamite. A battle then ensues and the animals rout the farmers. Howeve r, Boxer, a hardworking carthorse, is gravely injured and Napoleon sells him to a glue maker in order to get more money for whisky. As the years go by, the pigs start acting more and more like humans. Animalism rules and â€Å"commandments† are thrown away and one rule remains which reads, â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† Napoleon changes the farm name back to Manor Farm claiming this name is the â€Å"correct† name. Looking through the farmhouse window, the common animals can’t tell which ones are pigs and which ones are the humans. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a novelist whose criticisms of political oppression brought him fame toward the middle of the twentieth century. He was born in 1903 in India to a British colonist. Orwell received an education at different private schools but his experiences with snobbishness at these schools made him suspicious of the class system in English society. He spoke openly against the excess of governments in both the east and west and began fighting for the socialist cause. His main novel, Animal Farm, was written to show people the oppression that dictators bring into a country. Orwell died on January 21, 1950 in a London hospital. The time of Animal Farm is largely unidentified throughout the novel. However, it is assumed that Orwell meant the story to be based on the satire of the Russian Revolution.

Collective Bargaining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collective Bargaining - Assignment Example Not only do the Unions concentrate on the working conditions of an employee but also create a sense of connectedness and solidarity to an employee while at the same time help to solve crucial organizational problems by educating their members and help reduce the problem of rational ignorance and hence stand on behalf of each of their members. Analysis In the United States, Labor unions have been in existence from the early the days of the republic, although; by then they were just local craft unions. Craft unions are unions with few members who mainly work in the same skilled occupation of a specified area. They are these types of Unions that existed in the United States until the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) when stronger and more powerful Unions came into existence. Amongst the big Unions that emerged in the United States are; Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industry Organization (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). The Knights of labor was officially founded i n 1867 by Uriah Stephens and unlike the craft Unions that existed then, it was one big union that included all workers irrespective of the kind of work one did. It did not mind whether one was skilled or unskilled, neither the race nor national origin mattered. It had a place for members of all kind and these made it attain membership of about 700000 by the year 1886. Some of its strikes and collective bargaining led to wage increment to its members (DTI, 2001). Success to this collective bargaining tactics meant that even its member’s relation to that of its employers was good and in return the workers did put more effort in production. Although it brought success and nourished in collective bargaining of its members and created significance progress in labor relations, it created a bad reputation for itself when seven policemen and one civilian died in one of its riots in Haymarket, Chicago where it was held responsible and blamed for the deaths and hence lost its reputatio n. American Federation of labor was founded by Samuel Gompers in the year 1886, he was a cigar maker. This was not really a union as such but an association of the existing craft unions where the craft unions still maintained their identity within the association. To be a member of a craft union, one had to be skilled in a particular trade of that particular craft union to join the federation through the craft union. It mainly concentrated on economic issues such as better working conditions, higher wages and shorter working hours. Although it had no place for the unskilled worker, its success progressed to a level where it had about four million members in its name by the year 1920. Since it brought people of the same skills together, this was an advantage to the employer too. Better skills could be nourished and attained to the advantage of the employer (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). Since the American federation of labor excluded unskilled workers, there emerged Committee for Industrial Organization which later changed to Congress of Industry Organization. It was founded between 1935 and 1938 by John. L. Lewis who deserted from American Federation of Labor. Its agenda was to find vertical unions within industries and include all its workers regardless of the job they performed within the union. These led to stiff competition for members amongst the unions and eventually CIO and AFL merged in 1955 to form AFL-CIO since they were all now recruiting all types of workers, skilled

Kant Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Kant Philosophy - Essay Example Obligations and inclinations arise from duty. Consoling a grieving friend arises from duty, which is part of moral judgments. It is the right thing to do in such a situation. Normative judgment specifies that consoling a person, as a specific course of action, is the rational course if they are grieving. Emotions motivate moral obligation because one empathizes through showing compassion. The moral law demands that one consoles a friend, but if goodwill does not motivate such an action, then the inclination may have selfish interests. Principle and reason shape human behavior, rather than the expected consequence or emotional feeling that triggers actions. For that reason, a person would see it right to console somebody because of principle, even if they feel no compassion or empathy for the victim. This means that conscious concerns regulate emotions and they serve an important role in the persons' moral life. Human dignity demands that one act in the similar way that they would like others to treat them. Even so, while the society cannot hold a person accountable for moral obligations or inclinations, they are accountable for their goodwill, because it is often under a person’s  control.

Comparative International Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Comparative International Accounting - Essay Example ntal bodies to determine what taxes a business must pay; and occasionally by customers to determine the price to be paid when contracts call for cost-based payments. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007) The aim of this paper is to critically compare and contrast the accounting methods, structure and regulation in Canada with the UK including a critical and detail analysis of both current issues and academic literature surveyed relevant to the country. To begin we will talk briefly about the evolution of Accounting in both countries. According to Baylin et al (1996), Accounting standard setting in Canada has undergone a number of significant structural adjustments since the late 19th century. Following Canada’s emergence from its colonial status and due to the establishment of new trading partners, there was a change in the demand for accounting and the accounting standard setting process in Canada (Baylin et al, 1996). There have also been changes in the source of authority for standard setting, the range of interests were formally included in the standard setting process and changes in relative influence of technical versus political concerns. Canada continues to have one of the few private standard-setting processes in the world. (Baylin et al, 1996). No central source of accounting standards existed in Canada before 18646. Accounting standards were governed by common law. For example, the Dominium Insolvent Act was introduced in 1864 and was the first legislation to recognise the need for the regulation of accounting and the quality of financial information. (Baylin et al, 1996). Following this act, Canada witnessed the first real appearance of public accountants to act as â€Å"Official Assignees† for the handling of the affairs of estates, which were bankrupt. Foreign influences, government, and the internal needs of the early accounting firms drove the accounting profession, which was still at its infancy. (Baylin et al, 1996). As a result, the legal

Managing changes in the British Airways organization

Managing changes in the British Airways organization This report is the part of assessment of the managing changes in organisation and on-going research and opportunities available for the different changes in the strategies. For this assessment I have chosen the British Airways as my organisation for the foreseen of the management of the organisational changes and how they can be effectively implemented in an organisation. This report covers all the key aspects for the implementation of the changes within as organisation and also suggests some implications for their successful running. Good organisation structure does not by itself produce good performance. But a poor organisation structure makes good performance impossible, no matter how good the individual managers may be. (Drucker in Mullins (2005) p597) Task 1: Explore the background to change affecting the current organisation Discuss the background to change that exists in todays economy that motivated your organisation to consider Change. INTRODUCTION In todays era we are lining in the organisational world and this world is tending to be change continuously. Organisations in the society are the most important part as they serve many vital and necessary needs and demands of the society and even individuals. NEED FOR ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE Changes are mostly taken as the fears and uneasiness of the unknown. The changes of organisation within a firm or company are subjected to activate by the need and necessity to respond over the fresh opportunities, innovative type of challenges and the responses to the government laws and regulations. There are the external forces that bring the changes are effected by the various factors like innovative technologies, policies, structure of taxes, legislation policies and coming opportunities with different market forces. Organisational changes for the sectors of private area are vital as there is pressure from the different environments over them. There are some kinds of pressures that are due to the changes in the patterns of the work and referred to the place of work or workforce, customers needs and their conflicts regarding the services and products provided to them. So, here in this competitive environment only those organisations can be successful that are adapted to the changes and accept the changes. They must be able to change themselves according to the environment otherwise they would be unsuccessful in future. They then have the risk to takeover and become stagnant. In order to change or adapt they must be clear to define the following in accordance to the changing environment. The nature of any kind of change proposed The origin for the need of changes. According to the Decent Home Standards set by the Government in July 2000 ensure that all social housing meets set standards of decency by 2010, by reducing the number of households in social housing that does not meet these standards by a third between 2001 and 2004, with most of the improvement taking place in the most deprived local authority areas http://www.bankofgoodpractice.org/contentmanagement/documents/pdfhtmlfiles/FD7DF6AA-20ED-3428-8A3B720FC2698940.htm Introduction to the company British airways and reason for the implementation of changes British airways BA is well known and UKs biggest airline at international level. This airway used to carry a huge number of passengers from the various countries and at the international level. This company is not only recognised in UK as well as in the world as the biggest airline. The destinations covered by this airline to the worldwide routes are 550 around across the world globe. British Airways is the worlds biggest international airline, carrying a vast number of passengers from various countries to another. Also the company is one of most recognised airlines in the world. British Airways worldwide route network covers around 550 destinations across the globe. This company has mainly two bases in the London one it Heathrow airport terminals and the other one is Gatwick airport terminal. No doubt that BA is recognised as the largest international services in airlines though it has to face the high competition with its rival US as they tend to pick and drop the more passengers at the domestic level flights. Some time it has to be struggling to keep ahead in the competition. Following entitled some of the problems which have to be faced by the BA. Problems faced by BA: British Airways have faced threats and due to the long standing arguments with its unions, as well as a possible expensive strike ahead, as the organisation has cut thousands of jobs as a part of its restructuring programme. British Airways are currently struggling with staff shortages as the level of absenteeism for the companys employees are high above the average and unacceptable figures for the industry. Employees are said to be unmotivated and morale is low, as increase in pay is low and the restructuring of the company have led to 13000 job losses, the reason being the decline of the economy i.e. some ticket prices lowered to attract consumers, thus decreasing staff bonuses, salaries, redundancies etc., or some prices increased due to maintenance, travelling cost. Failures with BAs  £4.3 billion Terminal 5 (Heathrow) at launching stage, BA blamed the glitches on problems with staff familiarisation, which had a knock-on effect on bags and flights. Technical difficulties also meant major delays in reclaiming luggage, flight cancellations, and suspension of check in service. Anti-airport expansion groups holding protests. This is because these groups are concerned with the level of pollution and harm already caused to the environment. Factors responsible for change in BA: The problems that are outline above are basically due to the internal influences. However, here it is very necessary to remember that there are different environmental factors that have their influence over the strategies of the British airways and even their image, structure and means of operating. As the high-quality process for delineation of the political, social, cultural economical and technical factors usually affect the changes in the organisations in the form of pest analysis for the British airways and illustrate these factors and how they intend to change in the environment. Political factors Upsurges in the prices of the fuel that will drive up expenditures of flying an airplane. Firmer EU rules and regulations related to the noise pollution have affect over the airlines. As there is involvement of Britain in the difficulties in the areas of Eastern nations and Iraq results in the unwilling to go with the organisation. Preferences of Britain regarding not to introduce the Euro has resulted in the decline in the percentage of the travellers to UK. Economic factors Due to increase in the rates of interest there is great impact over the customers and they intend to save their money. They dont want to spend their money and this brings the reduction in the demand of holiday flights. Also there is increase in the taxes of and the flights become expensive. Socio-cultural factors At the instant it is very popular to travel out of the country, nevertheless attitude and taste of the customers changes very quickly. Threats of terrorist attack may reduce peoples desire to fly i.e. 9/11 New York, USA Due to the insecurity and increase in the number of airline crashes there is decrease in the percentage of the passengers travel through the airlines. Most of the British airways flights are non-smoking and stop the smoking passengers to choose these airlines. Technological factors Technology is proceeding in culture so quickly that in the coming future travelling by aeroplane may not necessary or flat outdate. British Airways clienteles are gradually discontinuing the usage of phones to reserve their travel documents or tickets. Having looked at the PEST analysis, it is clear that there is a large threat of the luxury airlines to the British Airways. For this there must be go with the opting the strategic management changes and marketing sources available and to follow up the promotional activities for the BA. Theoretically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of bureaucratic organizations SWOT ANALYSIS OF BRITISH AIRWAYS SWOT analysis is very useful tool for analysing the changes and the position of the company. It makes the company to be aware of the powers and weakness of the company with the opportunities and threats for the market. It is an assessment procedure for the company to find its strengths, and weaknesses and compared these with the opportunities and threats that can be faced in the competitive market (Fry et al, 2004). The strength of the organisation as well the weakness is related to the past and present, and is taken as the internally controlled factors within an organisation. On the contrary the threats and opportunities are related to point out the present and future of the organisation and for the taking of more outward looking for the developments (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). STRENGTHS The skills, resources and other kind of advantages of a company are defined as the strength of an organisation relative to its competitors in the market (Griffin, 2002). Accordingly the strengths of organisation British Airways (www.britishairways.co.uk) can be as follow: it continues to dominate Londons major airports it contains the latest check-in technology its communication between managers and staff is very good It is still being perceived as the national airline. WEAKNESSES Weakness as the name implies are the deficiencies or drawbacks or we can say that shortcoming of the resources, skills and other kind of factors that create hindrance to get the competitive advantage form the market (Griffin, 2002). Accordingly the drawbacks and weaknesses of the British Airways (www.britishairways.co.uk) are as follow:- It contains of great labour numbers, particularly in the United Kingdom; It has a dragging back aptitude. 4.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES The opportunities obtain data about economic, financial, political, legal, social and competitive changes in various markets the firm serves or might want to serve (Griffin, 2002). The opportunities of British Airways (www.britishairways.co.uk) could be that:- Expedition in the economic segment of the organization. Perception of the airlines as the national airlines. THREATS The threats of an organisation are defined as the shrinking markets, increased competition, and the potential for new government regulations, political instability in key markets and the development of new technologies that could make the firm product lines obsolete (Griffin, 2002). Accordingly the threats for the organisation British Airways are as follow (www.britishairways.co.uk) It has ferocious opposition from low fare airlines e.g. Easy Jet Its economy is on downturn; Its companies are investing largely in order to improve their services; Its technology offers a short-term advantage Task 2: Develop systems for understanding and involving others in the process of change Identify the key Stakeholders in your organisation and Develop systems to involve those stakeholders in the introduction of change. Stakeholders Every organisation needs the change so that they can satisfy their customers, because the view of altogether of the stakeholders is the important to define the success of the organisation. British Airways wants to comprehend its stakeholders (customers, opinion leaders and employees) for the better to inform the various decisions to be taken. Consequently, detailed and systematic dimension of measurement and research are basically placed to give the important information. Following are the main stakeholders in the organisation to bring the changes and influence the process of the organisation. Customers Shareholders Government Employees Community The brief explanation of these stakeholders is as follow for the better understanding of their role: Customers: The customers are the key factor for the organisation and there must be changes according to the needs and desires of the customers. Customer satisfaction is very important as the satisfied customers become loyal and retained for the long time with the organisation by keep in mind the need and expectations of the customers there must be implementation of the changes within an organisation. This is mandatory for the organisation to be ahead in the completion. Here it is also found that it is easy to keep the existing customer while trying to attract the new customers even these loyal customers attend to bring more customer as they go through the word to mouth procedure and if they are happy and satisfied they will promote the culture of organisation and that will be result in the more customers, so there must be strategies and change by having the customers in mind first. The monitoring of the feedback on the key stages of flights is usually followed each month. They monitor customers feedback on key stages of their flights each month, using a sample of passengers seated in particular positions throughout the aircraft. Shareholders: The shareholders are also very crucial for the organisation as they are the investors and sources of finance for the organisation. The change must happen in the organisation have greater influences over them as they have their investment in the company.so the changes are usually subjected to the shareholders. Employees: Employees are very important for an organisation. As they provide the interface between the services and the customers. The position of the organisation has affect over the employees if they would not happy how they can provide the good services to customers and Community: the community within an organisation includes the working environment with the managers from other countries, employees and to the relevant community and also refer to the organisation that are non-government that enable to manage the processes at the local level and fro bringing up the changes for the substantial advantages for the concerned communities, British Airways is devoted to actuality a good fellow, apprehensive for the community and surroundings. They repeatedly endeavour to develop the social and environmentally friendly presentation, by the objective of guaranteeing that the actions add to the supportable development of the communities in which company perform their function. The government: Her Majestys Prison Service (the Service) is part of the wider Home Office. Since 1993, the Service has been an Executive Agency of the Home Office and that remains the case. Since June 2004, the Service has also been part of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS). NOMS is a huge enterprise spanning several organizations and around 70,000 staff. Analyse and evaluate these systems which you had used to involve the key stakeholder in change process. Change process There is a substantial arguments related to the most suitable process of change for the organisation being having a wide range of literature present in the writings regarding management of change and even there are many tools and instruments for the implication of the changes into the management. But subsequently change is a domineering for all the organisations in order to sustain in this competitive environment organisation to sustain in a competitive environment, the organisation follow up the planned approach for the changes management in the organisational environment. At first Kurt Lewin has coined this term for the distinguishing the changes that was consciously boarded upon and scheduled by an organisation. (Burnes 2000, p.264) The planned approach to change is most closely associated with the practice of Organisation Development (OD) and indeed lies at its core. There are some apparent values that emerged as given as follow (Hurley et al 1992) Empowering employees to act Creating openness in communications Facilitating ownership of the change process and its outcomes The promotion of a culture of collaboration The promotion of continuous learning(Burnes 2000, p.265) These are those values that are incorporated in the British Airways and needs to incorporate into the cultural change for the successful implementation of the foster of the new culture in the organisation. Task 3: Plan to implement models for ensuring on going change Identify number of appropriate models for change that suites your organisation. Models for the changes in British Airways At present the BA is following that enable changes for the long term advantages in the organisation. These models are followed in the three steps as follow: Lewins 3 Step-Model: 1. Unfreezing: This generally entails reducing those current practices and cultural norms that maintain the organisations behaviour. It is likely to taken as the shake-up stage for subdivisions related in the management of the organisational changes. The processes of BA consist of the following: Decrease in quantity of stages in the organisational order. Economizing of workforce of the British Airways. Start of improved programs for the training for the staff, so that they become able to avoid such type of situations in order to avoid such situations, so that the employees do not have to face the problems with the new technologies i.e. Terminal 5 incident. Modifications in the structures and systems of the British Airways. Amendment in the budgeting process. 2. Moving to a new level This contains the actions taken by the British Airways regarding the results of the above step. In this process first there is analyse of the situation and then possible measures are taken to solve that particular problem and to implement the changes by choosing the most appropriate way and path for the action to be taken. After that there is selection of necessary move taken regarding the changes to implement. This step helps to make sure that the new ways are not done for just a short period, and staffs are not reverting back to the old ways, subsequently the following tasks are carried out by BA: 3. Refreezing This is the last step of the model and this relates to stabilising the changes in the organisation. From this step it comes to make sure about the appropriateness of new methods that working safely and in an effective way. This phase does by completely supportive and strengthening the new ways of effort, like system of rewards induction and recruitment and even the strengthening of the culture for the British Airways. Furthermore other big changes that BA has implemented in its organisation are its high-level of Information Technology (I.T). This is becuase information systems and managemenet plays a key role in the airline industry. I.T supports almost every task in BA which most imporatntly underpins the delivery of quality service. Also BA have chosen to intergate better technolgy i.e. self check-in service, and more recently an underground lost baggage collection department, which is around a mile long and directly underneath the airport itself. This is is another path for success in uncertain times. By effectively applicating technology it will definately deliver BAs objectives and goals. Additionally Information Management objectives regarding I.T in BA includes: Supporting the development of the BAs workforce, I.T and associates relations, so that it can deliver genuinely faultless customer service across their own route network and their associates. Improve efficiency of operations and decrease costs as a result of standardised and simplified I.T. Utilize BAs capability and knowledge of the airlines industry processes, in order to deliver the strategic systems, customer service, thus gaining recognition that will help the airline in the future. There are other requirements that are needed for the changes in the British airways are to have outsourcing in the form of subcontracting, like production of the designs and work with another party. This has been used by the British Airways for their business at most for the core aspects of the business. The outsourcing is used to reduce the cost of the expenditures of the organisation. In addition to this there is use of strong strategic alliances by the BA. This alliance includes the joining of American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Airlines, Lan Airlines, Malà ©v, Qantas and Royal Jordanian. By following this there is a range of opportunities for the cooperative solutions that are designed in order to provide a world that is seamless. Furthermore BA also involved in the implementing to spent the funds for the advertising of the organisation as it is going to support and sponsor the sports event that are going to be held in London i.e. London Olympic 2012 under cultural and charitable activities (BACC scheme) around the world i.e. 2012 Olympics is proudly sponsored by BA. There are some other aims and objectives that have been set by the organisation in order to meet in the coming future are as follow: Encourage 10% of customers to offset their carbon on ba.com by 2012 Audit 100% of our strategic suppliers for ethical practices by 2012 75% of corporate customers use corporate responsibility as a decision criteria by 2010 In adding there are some key issues of the environmental preservation to which the organisation is committed. These objectives are as follow: Zero waste to landfill in the UK by 2010 Reduce the average noise per flight by 15% by 2015 50% reduction in our net CO2 emissions by 2050 How would you go ahead in implementing one or more model(s) in your chosen organisation and what improvements do you expect to achieve by implementing your chosen model(s). Implementing Change Models Planned Change Change that involves actions based on a carefully thought-out process that anticipates future difficulties, threats and opportunities Reactive Change Change that occurs when one takes action in response to perceived problems, threats and opportunities (Management, Bartol Martin, 1994, Page 208) The management of the changes within an organisation in an effective way is taken as the core issue of the development of the organisation. In this there is involvement of the Lewins three phase model as discussed above. Unfreezing recognition of the need for change and reducing the forces that maintain the current form Movement development of new attitudes or behaviour and implementation of change (new policies etc.) Refreezing stabilising change (are training, structures, new policies and procedures working?). Check, review and re-examine how changes are being implemented. Additional model implementation Mobilising Change: Change is the drumbeat in any organisation. It is unavoidable and thats why it is very crucial for the achievement of the success for an organisation. Demystify lack of clarity can create a fog around your organisations purpose, position and philosophy. Think outside in check the alignment to external environment and scrutinise capability to meet the demands of all stakeholders. Map the system study the leadership team to highlight interdependencies between teams and reveal where development may be required. Communicate and engage explain any change that is taking place. Do this in a way that engages stakeholders and is emotionally compelling, to provoke thoughts and action from your audience (Inside Housing, Paul Oliver, Director, Conduco Consulting, Page 32, 9th December 2005). Conclusion Overall conclusion from the above report, we have looked into the various aspects of the British Airways management of changes, structure and performances and also discussed the processes in which these changes are transferred into the organisation. Whats additional through observing into the several conceivable methods to management change, I must remained able to summary change strategies that require and can be applied by the British Airways, for the effective implementations. However it has to consider here that if all plans for the implementation of changes running in a smooth way. In addition to all it is mandatory for the British Airways to effectively transfer their changes to the organisation so that there must be significant results. There are suggested some key areas in which there is need of investment for the BA are as follow: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development in the incentives and appraisal schemes etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For managers and employees there should be provision of training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Different franchising actions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outsourcing of the peripheral activities References

Ethical Enviromental Issues

â€Å"Ethics is the study of the choices people make regarding right and wrong† (Ruggiero, 2008). Environmental ethics, it is more of a study about moral relationships of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its nonhuman contents. Humans have been sharing our lives with nature for many of years; we have to make many ethical decisions with respect to the environment everyday. We have been concentrating on finding ways and ideas to make our lives easier. Over time we have forgotten to take in the immoral consideration of what we might be doing to our environment itself. In the past, future and even present, there have been many controversial issues on environmental ethics that need to be answered. There are environmental issues affecting our world today such as deforestation and pollution. These problems have even begun to affect us at a global scale and not only have we put ourselves in grave peril but we have also managed to endanger every other species that exist on earth. As noted by Yamamoto (2001), â€Å"In Buddhism, human life, and other forms of life are regarded as being of the same matter. Therefore, since they are always related to living things, Buddhism regards environmental problems as essentially an issue of ethics. † There are many environmental issues that need to be taken care of as soon as possible. One issue would have to be deforestation. For years we as humans have depended on trees as a resource to our everyday life. We have built homes, paper, and many other products from this precious resource. If the forest provided us with low cost homes and so many good resources, why is it an ethical issue or problem? This is a problem because deforestation destroys not only forests but also reduces the biodiversity, which means a reduction in the amount, as well as variation of, living things which can cause havoc on whole ecosystems. † â€Å"The cutting down of tropical rain forests is particularly detrimental to wildlife and other living things. â€Å" (Yamamoto, 2001) We have been so concern in finding different ways to make our lives easier. Pollut ion is another issue that is affecting our environment. Pollution is killing off our wild life each and everyday. We as humans must take control of this problem very quickly. With so much pollution we are killing plants, animals, polluting our water, and causing the depleting of the Ozone layer. I once had to do a project about the effects of The Morris J. Berman oils spill of the coast of the Escambron beach in the island of Puerto Rico. From the pictures that I saw, I can say that I had never seen a more horrendous sight. This beautiful blue beach whose waters had turned into a murky black and filled with dead fish covered in oil. The damage was vey overwhelming especially. I will never forget the awful pictures of so many animals suffocating with the poisonous oil. Luckily this problem has been dealt with by the government for many years and they have found many solutions to ensure that these disasters do not repeat themselves. This is a great example of how government involves itself in Environmental Ethics. It was evident to every one the damage and the horror that was inflicted on nature by this human mishap. It is a fact that the government had always prioritized the restoration of the ocean that was damaged by the barge when it crashed and destroyed the homes to a vast number of oceanic wildlife. Last year the government of Puerto Rico was compensated with $10 million for damages caused by the oil spill almost 14 years ago. These funds will be used to build an artificial coral reef and a shore line nature reserve (Michael Melia, FoxNews. com, 2007). Our rain forests and the tribes that live in there are being affected by this pollution and deforestation also. â€Å"The Kayapo are an indigenous group of Indians living in the rainforest of Brazil. The dominant ecosystems are tropical rainforest and grassland in which the Kayapo hunt, fish, and practice Sweden agriculture (slash and burn). (Goodale, 2004) Their way of life is being threatened by pollution, land grabs, and dams. There are many environmental ethics at stake. The first problem was the pollution from agricultural runoffs from acres of soybean and cattle just outside the boundaries of the Kayapo Indians. The pollution from the headwaters of the Xingu downriver flowed down to the Kayapo Indians, contaminating water supplies and food resources. The second issue was land invasion. â€Å"Parts of the east bank of the Middle Xingu called Kapotnhinore are being illegally invaded and sold. This is creating a hostile, dangerous environment and also blocking river travel. (Goodale, 2004) The last issue not only affects the Kayapo Indian but also affects the rainforest that they live in. According to Goodale (2004), the Brazilian government has revived plans for several hydroelectric dams along the Xingu River. â€Å"The proposed project would displace Kayapo from their homes, because a loss of sustenance for those living downstream, disturb fish populations, and damage terrestrial ecosystems† (Goodale, 2004). In a situation like this, there are many views from both sides. Some people believe that this is just wrong to disrupt a tribe’s natural way of life. If you take the river that they solely depend this will hurt their way of living. Some people think that proposed plan should go forward. Some believe that the dams will regulate the flow of water which will help prevent flooding and dry seasons and that the creation of the hydroelectric dams will create a clean source of electricity for millions. With an ever growing population, it does not make economic sense to have 28. 4 million acres set aside for only 5,000 people. When thinking about environmental ethics, there are many consequences that humans have to take in account. Some are good and some are bad. Weighing the consequences of the dam project, is it ethically right to proceed with the project? Personally, I do not think it is right. Although the dam can produce electricity for many people, many others are being displaced from their homes without any compensation. I think that there are many other alternatives in creating electricity without displacing the Kayapo Indians. This is not my decision to make. If these issues are not dealt with in time, they could lead to severe consequences such as the extinction of many species of both flora and fauna, and the dilapidated conditions of different habitats. Many people manage to go carefree through life; unconcerned of the harmful changes that are inflicting upon our environment. It is imperative that we come to the understanding that even if humans are the dominant species on the planet; the earth does not solely belong to us but to other life forms. Even though many of our ethical views on Environmental issues are Anthropocentric as mentioned by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk- Sze Lo (Environmental Ethics, January 3, 2008), we as the primary species have a responsibility not only towards the environment but we also have a moral commitment towards every other species that share our world with us. We are the only species capable of reasoning and reflection on ethical matters, thus giving all moral debate a definite â€Å"human-centeredness. † Personally I believe that perhaps it is exclusively up to us humans to deal with these issues immediately. The survival of all other species is imperative; especially when the truth is that we are the causes of many of the planet’s damages. Many of the social and ethical obligations we have towards the planet consist primarily of extending our moral standing beyond human centeredness. Humans must come to terms that we are just a fraction of living beings in this vast world and we must care for our planet and the respect the other living creatures that live on it also. Many people do genuinely feel that it is our moral duty to preserve every aspect of beauty in nature by treating wildlife of all species with a â€Å"Big brother complex. † I also believe that there are many human factors that are helping humans to become more aware of our duties towards helping the environment. We live in a time of great social turmoil and strife between nations. Many recognize an imminent doom to our species bordering a not so distant future. It is only logical that many humans are trying to get back in touch with nature, as if looking for a sense of innocence that one looses as a child. This is an innocence that was lost when man became careless with its potential to create and better his way of life. This mindset is becoming mixed and intertwined with the current growing consciousness that our world is changing and it might be too late to bring it back to the way it was. It is important that humans begin to take action by engaging ethical protocols that concern our environment. In my recent research, I have found that the existence of solid Environmental Ethics is vital for a shift in a social mindset towards awareness on the subject uphold. These rules of conduct and the values they signify must be maintained primarily by the people, the government, and the branches of science that study global and geological issues. Professor Alasdair Cochrane of the London School of Economics and Political Science writes, â€Å"First of all, environmental ethics needs to be and will be informed by changes in the political efforts to ameliorate environmental problems. Environmental ethics concerns formulating our moral obligations regarding the environment. While this enterprise can be, and often is, quite abstract, it is also meant to engage with the real world†¦ However, without the participation of so many large polluters, with the agreed reductions in greenhouse gas emissions so small, and with many countries looking like they may well miss their targets, many commentators already regard it as a failure. Ethicists need to respond not just by castigating those they blame for the failure. Rather they must propose alternative and better means of resolving the problems we face. † (Alasdair Cochrane, Environmental Ethics, 2007) Society of today has forgotten the importance and seriousness on environmental ethics. The consequences of our actions are affecting our future very rapidly. We humans are so consumed and focused on different ways that will make our lives so simple, that we ignore the fact of taking action in finding other methods in utilizing our resources better. Our children will be the ones affected and so will nature itself. Animals will be extinct in our children’s time and the world will gradually lose all its natural resources because we never thought to conserve source of electricity for millions. With an ever growing population, it does not make economic sense to have 28. 4 million acres set aside for only 5,000 people. Social involvement is also vital when addressing these environmental issues. It is important that environmental concerns are discussed in educational institutions as with the inclusion of dynamic exercises that can benefit both the student who is learning to tackle ecological concerns and nature itself. During my elementary school days, my school would organize supervised visits to beaches and other natural locations where we would engage in cleaning and picking up garbage left by campers and beach goers. This was very helpful towards our city. This type of dynamic disciplined helped us in knowing that even if we did not put this garbage there, we definitely have the power to preserve the beauty of this environment. I think that this is a very decent value that should be taught to kids who are currently developing an ability to question why things are as they are. It will not only teach them to preserve our planet, but it will also help them appreciate how very nourishing this world is to us. This may also help mold them into some very sanitary adults. It is very important that the scientific community should be concerned with environmental issues also. Scientific perspectives can not only help us to understand better what is happening to our environment, but it will also permit us to find better solutions to these problems. Professor Alasdair mentions in his work that, â€Å"Environmental ethics will of course be informed by our scientific understanding of the environment. Whether it is changes in our understanding of how ecosystems work, or changes in the evidence concerning the environmental crisis, it is clear that such change will inform and influence those thinkers writing on our environmental obligations. † (Alasdair Cochrane, Environmental Ethics, 2007) I honestly believe that we, as humans, are advancing towards a time of global awakening and consciousness. Due to the fact that we think that there is nothing seriously wrong with our environment due to the cruel treatment we have inflicted on it for the past hundred years. Still, we are not late in focusing on these problems by establishing new lines of thought on our ethical and moral obligation towards the environment. By exploring the options that are needed to prevent future damages to our environment, we will be able to save not only ourselves as a species, but also the many other forms of life that inhabit our fertile earth. It is also very important that we apply ethical and philosophical values to the way we interact with our planet. This is a requirement that men and women who are willing to become advocates of this cause, by thinking and analyzing what is the problem that if being faced, and what is must we resort to as a solution to that problem. Governments have begun to embrace this and so have many other corporate institutions and social groups. We hold the fate of our future in our hands. So it is up to us humans to choose in which direction to steer our fates and the fates of all living creatures on earth. In conclusion, I do believe that ethics plays a major part in the solving our environmental issues. When people are contemplating obligations towards the environment and making judgments on policies and procedures, ethics often come into the picture. When members of society are determining responsibility for future generations, morality is often a factor and ethics could be a component of the process. How do we answer the question; â€Å"What are the guidelines for farmers that use chemicals to fertilize their fields, when that water may eventually make its way to a water source? † Ethics are part of answering this question. Where things have not been solved, more issues are stacking on them day by day. Environmental Ethics is a very important field. It continues to supply humans with valuable information on current environmental issues to which society needs to react swiftly. These reactions will provide critical information to address the issues at hand. Societies need to make good decisions and those decisions will have ethics at their root. Personal thoughts and opinions, and ultimately decisions, will shape the environment for generations to come. We as people can make this world a better place to live.

Handling Efl Learners’ Unexpected Behaviors in Class Essay

For the sake of providing the best services to their students, English teachers arrange their English language teaching and learning activities as perfect as possible. They spend most of the time to make preparation for their teaching. However, along with the process of such preparation, they sometimes do not consider the importance of also preparing the unplanned teaching. Consequently, when things go wrong, they often get difficulties on what they should decide to do. Therefore, this study is crucial to be conducted as its result would be able to give knowledge to English teachers on how to appropriately respond when such phenomenon comes into surface. The purposes of this study were 1) to observe the categories of EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors in the process of learning English in class and 2) to identify the efforts of English language teachers in handling such behaviors. This study utilized the qualitative design in which observation and interview were used as the main instruments in carrying out the research. To be the respondents of this present study, three English teachers from three different state junior high schools in Bogor were purposively chosen. The findings showed that there were four major categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors, namely learners’ psychological problems, uncooperative attitude, learners’ intelligence level and learners’ native language use. Some solutions in handling such behaviors were also recommended. One of which was to give different materials when dealing with learners with different level of capability. Keywords: unplanned teaching, EFL learners’ classroom behaviors Introduction For English language teachers, planning lessons has become a crucial action that needs to be carried out since it helps guide them during and after the lesson (Spratt, Pulverness & William, 2005). Further, it enables them to make the language teaching process more systematic and well-organized so that they would be on the right track of what they are going to teach and what kind of teaching methods they are about to employ in classroom activities. Therefore, as an effort to provide the best services to their students, English teachers frequently spend most of their times arranging their English language teaching and learning activities as perfect as possible before conducting the act of teaching in the classroom. In fact, only few teachers are aware of the importance of also making attempts to think of and list the solution handling the EFL learners’ ‘unexpected’ behaviors that may probably appear in the classroom when English language teaching is in action. As the result, they will face problems which could seriously block the flow of the teaching process. Thus, the unplanned teaching needs to be paid a particular attention within the consideration when teachers plan the lesson. Brown (2001) explains that the unplanned teaching can occur when the midstream of the lesson changes; going out of the plan that has been set earlier. Further, such phenomenon may happen at anytime. In conclusion, teachers are daily called upon to deal with the ‘unexpected’. 1 Methods This study was principally aimed at identifying the categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors that might exist during the English language teaching and learning process inside the classroom. Additionally, the investigation was also led upon the identification of the teachers’ effort in handling the behaviors. This present study employed qualitative research design using observation and interview as the instruments in collecting the data. Additionally, three English teachers from three different state junior high schools in Bogor were purposively chosen. The observation was conducted to capture and observe the behavior of the EFL learners when learning English at the classroom. Further, it also functioned to identify how the teachers reacted towards the existing behavior of the learners which were categorized ‘unexpected’. The interview was done to verify what has been witnessed during the observation. The Categories of the Unexpected Behaviors Having completed with the data analysis process, the categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behavior could then be revealed. It could be seen from the table below. Table 1 EFL Learners’ Unexpected Behaviors No 1 Categories Learners’ Psychological Problem Sample of Phenomenon Learners had less confident and did not want to participate within the language class activities Learners did not pay attention and kept on talking with their friends when teachers were explaining the materials Learners were not well-motivated to learn Learners did not do the tasks ssigned Learners did not want to work in a group Some learners were slow and some were fast Learners asked question which was far ahead the topic being discussed at the mean time Learners kept on using their native language when the teachers wanted them to speak English 2 3 Uncooperative Attitude Learners’ Level Intelligence 4 The Learners’ Native Language Use Solutions in Handling the Behaviors After knowing the categories of the unexpected behaviors of the EFL learners when learning English, solutions on how to appropriately rea ct towards the phenomenon were discovered. Firstly, when dealing with the learners’ psychological problems, teachers, in the beginning of the class, were required to put a strong emphasis on the positive side of having high motivation in the process of learning language. This would build their learning enthusiasm. Second, in handling the learners who were uncooperative such as did not do their homework, teachers could explain the benefit of doing their homework to help them get progress in their language learning process. Third, to teach learners who were at different level of capability, teachers could give special attention to the slow learners while fast learners were given other materials to work with. This was in line with the theory proposed by Harmer (2007) in which he suggested the use of different materials when facing students with different levels. The last, to handle learners who kept using their native language, as found in the interview, teachers were strongly suggested to only respond to the English use. This was supported by Harmer (2007) in which he indicated to ignore what students said in their own language. 2 Conclusion Considering the unexpected things that perhaps may exist in the language learning and teaching process is really important for the language teachers to take into account in the process of planning the lesson. Therefore when things go wrong, they would at least have options on how to handle it, as they are well-prepared. After all, four major categories of the EFL learners’ unexpected behaviors were recognized. They were learners’ psychological problems, uncooperative attitude, learners’ intelligence level and the learners’ native language use. Some solutions in handling such behavior were also recommended. One of which was to give different materials when dealing with learners with different level of capability. These findings are expected to be able to give knowledge to English teachers on how to appropriately respond when such phenomenon comes into surface so that the act of English language teaching and learning will keep on successfully moving forward.

Social and Economic Changes 1750-1800 essays

Social and Economic Changes 1750-1800 essays By 1750, The English colonizers of America were already in its more than 80 years of control. At that time, the English colonists were manning most of the social-economic aspects of America. America experienced various wars caused by disputes between its colonizers such as New England and France. This colonization led to diverse rebellions by the American people, most significant to which was the American Revolutionary War. The colonial era of America presented radical changes socially and economically. In 1760, the population of colonists in America grew to about 1,500,000. The English's control over the nation's economy established various laws and acts involving trade and industry, which in turn affected the social living of the American people. Following are some of the specific acts that affected the United States during the English The Iron Act. In 1750, this act, limiting the industry of iron in America, was passed by the English Parliament in protection to England's iron Currency Act. Under this act, passed by the English Parliament in 1751, the use of paper money was banned in New England colonies (The History Sugar Act. Passed in 1764 by the English Parliament, this act increases the duties on America's imported goods such as sugar, coffees, textiles, 1764. During this year, the custom systems of America was changed by New England to enable a stronger implementation of British trade law on its colonies. In this same year, the Currency Act was passed banning colonists' paper money (The History Place, 1998). Stamp Act. Passed in 1765 by the English Parliament, the taxes paid by the Americans will be directed to England. This led to the cessation of businesses and transactions in American colonies. The Stamp Act was abolished by King George III in 1766 to avoid America's revolt. ...

Sociology Paradigms essays

Sociology Paradigms essays The poor and sociology within the structural-functional paradigm The poor function in their own corner of society. The people that are better off or even rich tend to live in different sections than the ones that are poor. Even so the poor people tend to segregate themselves from each other. Each ethnic group living in different sections and away from the others. They all have the same thing in common though, survival. Whether it is an act of crime for drugs, stealing for food, or even working a low paying job they all are trying to survive. The consequences of being poor though is that poverty breeds poverty. Very few people make it up and out from where they are at if they are poor but even so they try and get along with each other the best they can and keep there way of life going. The poor and sociology within the social conflict paradigm The poor differ from the rest of society and in a social conflict paradigm. Society tends to look down on the poor. The poor are looked on as inferior to the rest of society. Sometimes riots are started because of the way the poor perceive themselves as being treated. People in higher income brackets do their best to not drive in certain sections of town. Some people put bars on their doors and windows thinking it will stop the break ins if they live anywhere close to a poor neighborhood. Government has done a lot to help the poor though. Many avenues of escape have been developed for the poor. Many programs have been put into place to help the poor try and pull themselves up and out of poverty . Some of the people take advantage of these programs and the help that is offered to them and by doing so become productive members of society. The poor and sociology within the symbolic-interaction paradigm Gangs are a society within the society of the poor. Each gang has their own certain behaviors, ways of talking, and ways that they interact with each other. Each gang has different init...

Strategic Management report on Prezzo which includes a strategic Essay

Strategic Management report on Prezzo which includes a strategic analysis and strategy formulation - Essay Example In 2011, the company’s chief executive was awarded the restaurateur of the year in the Caterer and Hotel Keeper Awards (Harden 2012). The restaurant has positioned itself as an eatery venue for a contemporary menu with an Italian cuisine touch. Vis a vis, its menu mainly includes pizzas, salads, pasta and grilled dishes. The restaurant expanded its service portfolio in 2013 by introducing Cleaver, additional venues that specifically offered American fare including chicken, ribs and burgers (Restaurant Portal, 2014). Currently, Prezza has a total of 3290 employees with revenue of  £ 179.19 million and an EPS growth rate of 10.07 % (Hardens, 2013). Prezzo is also a member of the sustainable restaurant association (SRA), therefore, highly committed to protecting and conserving the environment. External strategic analysis of Prezzo restaurant was conducted to evaluate the impact of the external environmental factors on the performance and growth of the restaurant in the UK market. Changes and trends of the UK restaurant industry were assessed using the Pestle strategic analysis tool. The government of UK highly regulates the food industry to manage the prevalence of lifestyle and food related chronic disease such as obesity. The government therefore interacts with Prezzo operations through health regulation, such as the policy on GM labelling for products containing genetically modified food, Good and Services tax on food prices and the issuance of licenses (Euro Monitor, 2014). However, Prezzo has managed to forge close relationships with governing authority through a mutual relationship, hence minimum interference with its operations There has been steady growth of the UK’s food industry for the last six years. According to a report by the Guardian (2014), the UK’s restaurant industry was experiencing a resurgence after the 2008 economic recessions. The market has been characterised by a rise in consumer expenditure and a forecast of UK

Social Responsibility in Business Research Paper

Social Responsibility in Business - Research Paper Example Generally, a company that takes corporate social responsibility is profitable, and the overall benefits of doing it overweight that of the disadvantages. The key notion in corporate social responsibility is being responsible when it comes to the society a company operates within. Nowadays, human civilization faces multidimensional problems that are impossible to ignore by communities and governments. There is a growing concern in the society of a great number of burning issues that are global in scope. Environmental problems, such as climate change and air pollution, and social issues, such as poverty and soaring level of unemployment, have become persistent trends all over the world. That is why customers tend to pay more to the companies that share these concerns and display a forward-thinking mindset. Today more and more companies are engaging in corporate social responsibility by creating or participating in initiatives that are good to the society and benefit communities (Aramian, 2009). The awareness of social and environmental problems is constantly growing among the people. Both national and local governments all over the globe tend to defer to public demands and push through stricter environmental and social standards, which is another reason why engaging in corporate social responsibility has become increasingly beneficial for companies. The policy of companies that implies consistent and effective self-regulation ensuring compliance with ethical standards and requirements of law is advantageous in many ways. But one of the main reasons for implementation of self-discipline practices and use of corporate social responsibility strategy is that it might help companies avoid unnecessary government intervention in business. For instance, the issue of environmental pollution is a brilliant illustration for this thesis. In order to avoid government intervention, an

Social Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Issues - Research Paper Example However that is not the case. On the contrary has been the cause of radical growth in the middle class population in these countries, which in turn has caused a huge income disparity that has succeeded in swelling the ranks of those individuals living below the poverty line. According to many research studies carried out by the United Nations 25% of the world’s population either owns or controls 75% of the total world income while the poorest 75% of the population has access to the remaining 25% of the world’s income. 42% of the world population mainly living in countries like India, China and Brazil, earned less than $1000 dollars a year (â€Å"United Nations†, 2004). . This 42% made up 2.4 billion individuals worldwide, which is almost half the world population and they earned or had access only to a meager 9% of the world’s income (Cornia, 2004). Through the study the author found that some of the key reasons for income disparity in the developing world was the lack of skills and educational opportunities to the poorer segments of society when compared to those opportunities that were available to richer segments. Factors such as politics, corruption, exploitation and simple ignorance were also cited as causes for income inequalities in the developed world. While it can be argued that the globalization and off shoring has indeed helped to spur growth in these economies and create the â€Å"middle class†, it is still vital to remember that the income earned from such ventures by the bulk of the individuals working in these offshore plants is minimal in comparison to the salaries earned by their counterparts in the developed countries (Ming, 2001). If we take for instance a company like Marks and Spencer Clothes Manufacturing or Clothes suppliers to Walmart and George (ASDA’s name brand), the individuals working in the factories in China that produce these products amount

Prison Treatments Laws in New York State Essay Example for Free

Prison Treatments Laws in New York State Essay Michael E. Deutsch, Dennis Cunningham and Elizabeth M. Fink †Twenty Years Later — Attica Civil Rights Case Finally Cleared for Trial† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 13-25 This is a journal uses the commissioner, the director of the correctional, Russel Osward as a center role to recall the Attica Riot, condemning his failure of management of the prison regime and the inhumane assault he had set to end up the uprising. The government had covered the facts of violent assault of the riot for years, but it had been dug out by the protest of the riot survivors 20 years after the riot, and they finally won the negotiations and gained their civil rights. Quotations can be cited for discussing how the negotiation had gone through. It also provides me some background information of the riot. It also gives a sense of what kind of civil rights had been violated and what had been brought back. I can use these rights as reference to seek changes of the State laws. Vicky Munro-Bjorklund â€Å"Popular Cultural Images of Criminals and Prisoners since Attica† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 48-70 This journal focuses on the popular culture images that been shaped after the Attica Riot. It argues that the misunderstanding of the prisoner had been changed since the uprising, and media is also a force that pushes the prisons into reform. Because of stereotype, or the popular cultural images of the prisoners, no one had paid that much attention to the prisoners before the increasing exposure of the real â€Å"prisoners’ life† after the Attica Riot. The description of the popular cultural images of the prisoners in Attica is really a good resource to use. This resource is mainly a statement of the prisoners’ image. I do not need to describe the change of the images because I am focusing on the law changes, so nothing will be quoted, but it makes me think in a new way: The affection of exposure from the public or social media. George Edwards, â€Å"Foreword: Penitentiaries Produce No Penitents† forward-penitentiaries produce no penitents, 63 J. Crim. L. Criminology Police Scl. 159(1972): 154-161   This journal focused on how the social media have done to help the colored people inside the US penal system by using the example of the media affection of the Attica Riot. It focuses on and the cultural images that shape the stereotype of the black people so that they are isolated from â€Å"us†. The prisoners’ lives in the prisons have become more transparent through the social media after the Attica Riot when the social media have paid attention to them and cover more about them. Social media is condemning the brutal treatment to the prisoners and the injustice of the sentence through different ways. This paper is searched after the previous one, it is a good resource for seeing how the social media had pushed the State to change their correctional method and give back prisoners’ civil rights. Willi The Naturalization Act of 1790 am L. Wilbanks The report of the commission on Attica, 37 Fed. Probation 3 (1973): 3-5 This is a prime summery of the national commission report of the Attica Riot published on September 13,1972. It briefly summarized and explained what is the Attica Riot, recorded the cause of it, reported the negotiation of it, and analyzed the assault and the aftermath of it. The main highlight of the riot from the report is that it happened at a time when the prison was about to reform for better, and the violent assault was because the prison inmate was asking for general pardon, but the government refused so, yet the result was still inhumane. This report is brief and comprehensive; it is providing background information for the public to get the general idea of the riot. Part of it can be quoted for a prof of inhumane treatment after the uprising. Gerald Benjamin and Stephen P. Rappaport, Attica and Prison Reform, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 31, No. 3, Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years (May, 1974), pp. 200-213 This journal focuses on reporting the details of the negotiation and the assault of the Attica Riot. Informing us assault is because of the failure of the negotiation. This journal also mentioned that the riot happened when the reform was just about to be taken into practice. After the riot, the reform began, including the facilities change and the treatment changes. Changes are based on the fund from federal and the State, though something still needs to be change, it was already a big step. It is also showing some significant changes such as the change in the employment of the facilities from all whites to Latinos, the shortened time of locking. Though this journal is really detail, I need to quote the changes of laws rather than just physical changes in this piece. Angela Y. Davis: Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press New York, 2003: 10-19, 84-104 Chapter 1 introduces us with an idea of prison reform, which gains the majority supports of the public and it is also the reason for the Attica Riot. It also reveals the idea that not many people outside the prison are willing to think about the life inside the prison, which is going to be a support of why I said that there is not that much attention had been paid for prison treatment. Chapter 5 tells us how a mass of private companies and industries are gaining a lot of profit from the prisoners so that prisoners are not gaining what they are supposed to be gained. Both chapters are supporting the idea of why prisons should be paid attention and be reformed. Thought the industrial complex of the prison is written recently rather than the immediate fact, I would use them as reference of things that haven’t been improved after the riot. Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler, Keywords for American Cultural Studies, New York University Press, 2007: 37-42 This piece gives readers a brief history from the ancient Greek to now of how Citizenship has come to its status in the United State. The civil rights have been violated by the sovereignty, but finally came to equality through the push of institutions, religions, as well as civil movements. This piece also introduces us that how the technology and transportations are important to a new understanding of citizenship. This piece is important for analyzing the prison rights because I am writing through the prospect that prison inmates are also citizens, that they should have the same rights as those normal citizens, but prisoners’ rights are somehow always been valid or even ignored by the U.S. penal system. This article helps to define the citizen in my paper. Jael Silliman and Anannya Bhattacharjee, Policing the National Body Sex, Race, and Criminalization, South End Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002: 1-48 Chapter one gives us a general idea on how the US penal apparatus has been enforced by the participation of multiple â€Å"relevant† institutions. It is showing audiences how those institutional officers themselves are offending the laws but still act as a law executive, and how they use the name of immigration law to violate the rights, especially the rights of the women with colors, they offence their bodies, and use them to incarcerate colored men. This helps to analysis the female prison treatments in recent time. Though it is a good example to show the violation of the civil rights but it might be a little different from the topic that I am writing about because it is mainly focused on the recent time and the immigration laws. Dylan Rodriguez, Forced Passages, Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, London, 2006 This chapter focuses on the formation of the key word: The War. Though the war is supposedly be the conflict between states, the writer tells readers that the U.S. government is using the war zone as a way to control the citizens. It talks about how the power is contributed through the use of the prison regime. I would like to quote the history of the prison regime to inform that the prison today has a slavery background and that is what makes the rights of prisoners been blurred so reasonably. U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790, The Transcript of 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) The naturalization act is the fundamental act to the U.S. citizens. It indicated that free white of good moral character that had lived in the U.S. for two years and swore allegiance. It can be used as a historical accordant to the descriptions of the history of the prison regime. The 13th amendment establishes birthright of citizenship due process and equal protection, formally extends citizenship to newly freed, black men. Both of these laws can be use as track of the citizenship as proves of the inequality of the civil laws roots. Abstract Citizenship refers to the link between state and person who lives in. Citizens by broad should be within the link and should be someone who lives in the sate. Prisoners as a special type of citizen are supposed to have the same civil rights and be protected by the same laws, yet their circumstances put them into a situation where their rights are violated constantly with or without justice. Prison treatments in the US, can been seen as a significant example of the violation of the prisoners’ civil rights. It has never been paid attentions until the four-day uprising in the Attica Correctional Facility burst out in 1971. Attica Riot was the most violent riot in the entire U.S. history. Through out the uprising, many inhumane treatments of the prisoners have been revealed through the exposure of the social media. As a curiosity on the affects of prison uprisings on the New York State government, this paper is going to discover some significant changes that had been made by the New York State immediately after the riot through the aftermath negotiation of the Attica riot to indicate that the prisoner rights are still not have been treated rightly.